besamewellness.com

What Is Cannabis Hyperemesis? How Can It Be Cured?

What Is Cannabis Hyperemesis? How Can It Be Cured? What Is Cannabis Hyperemesis? How Can It Be Cured?

Have you heard of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome? It is a health condition that may sometimes develop due to long-term cannabis use.

Medical marijuana, its benefits, and its drawbacks are hotly debated topics in the US. Today, more and more US states are legalizing the use of medical marijuana, and licensed cannabis dispensaries are commonplace. In this scenario, it is good to be aware of the pros and cons of this controversial plant.

Keeping that in mind, here is a highly informative blog on Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome. 

What is Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome?

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a rare (but serious) condition that can develop after long-term use of cannabis. It is characterized by severe and recurring episodes of vomiting, nausea, dehydration, and abdominal pain. CHS can significantly impact health and quality of life. Understanding this syndrome is crucial for both medical professionals and cannabis users to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Causes of CHS

CHS is a result of prolonged and frequent cannabis use. Currently, the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. However, it is believed that cannabinoids, the active compounds in cannabis, affect the brain and gastrointestinal system in a way that leads to CHS. This condition is paradoxical, as cannabis is used to alleviate nausea and vomiting, yet chronic use can result in these severe symptoms.

Symptoms of CHS

A person holding his head, possible due to depression.

The primary symptoms of CHS include:

  • Severe Nausea: Persistent and overwhelming feelings of nausea are a hallmark of CHS.
  • Recurrent Vomiting: Individuals with CHS experience frequent and intense episodes of vomiting. It can occur multiple times an hour in severe cases.
  • Abdominal Pain: CHS sufferers often report significant abdominal pain, particularly in the upper abdomen.
  • Dehydration: Due to excessive vomiting, individuals can become severely dehydrated, leading to further health complications.

Distinction from Other Conditions

It’s important to differentiate CHS from other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as gastrointestinal disorders, infections, or cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). One distinguishing feature of CHS is the temporary relief provided by hot baths or showers, which many patients find soothing.

Health Complications

Without appropriate treatment, CHS can lead to serious health complications, including:

  • Electrolyte Imbalances: Excessive vomiting can disrupt the body’s electrolyte levels, causing symptoms such as muscle weakness, confusion, and irregular heart rhythms.
  • Kidney Damage: Severe dehydration can lead to kidney injury, which may require hospitalization.
  • Esophageal Damage: Repeated vomiting can damage the esophagus, leading to tears or inflammation.

Understanding the Impact of CHS

CHS is more than just a side effect of cannabis use; it is a complex condition that requires medical attention and intervention. Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the potential severity of CHS is essential for both users and healthcare providers. Early diagnosis and cessation of cannabis use are critical to managing and recovering from this syndrome effectively.

Is Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Common?

Closeup of a hand holding a joint, and smoke

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is relatively uncommon among regular cannabis users. However, it is essential to understand the prevalence and context of this condition to better recognize its symptoms and risk factors.

Prevalence of CHS

While cannabis use is widespread, CHS remains a rare condition. Studies indicate that only a small percentage of chronic cannabis users develop CHS. For example, a research study revealed that up to 6% of people who visited the emergency room for vomiting were diagnosed with CHS. This statistic highlights that while CHS is not common, it is a significant issue among those affected.

Delayed Onset of Symptoms

One of the notable aspects of CHS is the delayed onset of symptoms. Typically, individuals do not experience CHS immediately after starting cannabis use. Instead, there is often a delay of several years before symptoms begin to manifest. This delay is usually preceded by chronic marijuana misuse, indicating that long-term and frequent use is a significant risk factor for developing CHS.

Factors Influencing the Development of CHS

Several factors may contribute to the development of CHS, including:

  • Frequency and Duration of Use: Chronic and long-term use of cannabis increases the risk of developing CHS. The condition is more likely to occur in individuals who have been using cannabis heavily for several years.
  • Individual Susceptibility: Not all cannabis users are equally at risk. Genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors may influence susceptibility to CHS.
  • Cannabis Potency: The potency of the cannabis used may also play a role. Higher concentrations of cannabinoids (particularly THC) might increase the likelihood of developing CHS.

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome Phases

Silhouette of young man with head against closed fists, possibly undergoing depression

CHS consists of three distinct phases, each with specific symptoms and duration. Understanding these phases can help in the timely recognition and treatment of the condition.

1. Prodromal Phase

The prodromal phase is the initial stage of CHS and can last for months or even years. During this phase, individuals typically experience:

  • Early Morning Nausea: Persistent nausea, especially in the morning, is a common symptom.
  • Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the belly area, which can be sporadic or continuous.
  • Fear of Vomiting: Some individuals develop a fear of vomiting due to the frequent nausea.

Despite these symptoms, many individuals continue to use cannabis during this phase, often without realizing the link between their symptoms and cannabis use.

2. Hyperemetic Phase

The hyperemetic phase is the most intense and debilitating stage of CHS, usually lasting between 24 to 48 hours. Symptoms during this phase include:

  • Persistent Nausea: Unrelenting nausea that does not subside.
  • Dehydration: Severe vomiting leads to significant fluid loss, causing dehydration.
  • Recurring Episodes of Vomiting: Frequent and forceful vomiting episodes that can occur multiple times an hour.
  • Belly Pain: Severe abdominal pain that can be debilitating.
  • Reduced Food Intake: Inability to eat due to constant nausea and vomiting.
  • Weight Loss: Rapid weight loss due to the reduced intake of food and fluids.

During this phase, many individuals find relief through hot showers or baths, which can temporarily alleviate symptoms.

3. Recovery Phase

The recovery phase follows the hyperemetic phase and can last for days to months. Symptoms gradually decrease during this period:

  • Reduction in Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain slowly diminish.
  • Return to Normal Eating: Appetite and food intake gradually return to normal.
  • Full Recovery: Complete resolution of symptoms, although this can take several weeks to months.

During the recovery phase, the cessation of cannabis use is crucial for preventing a recurrence of symptoms. Those who stop using cannabis experience significant relief and eventual recovery.

Recognizing the phases of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. By understanding the prodromal, hyperemetic, and recovery phases, individuals and healthcare providers can better manage this condition and mitigate its impact.

Diagnosis of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome

Doctor with middle aged patient

Diagnosing Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) involves a comprehensive evaluation of the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and physical condition. Since CHS shares symptoms with many other conditions, healthcare providers must carefully rule out other potential causes of nausea and vomiting.

Symptom Inquiry and Medical History

The initial step in diagnosing CHS is a thorough discussion with the patient about their symptoms and medical history. Healthcare providers will ask detailed questions to understand the nature and pattern of the symptoms, including:

  • Frequency of Cannabis Consumption: Understanding how often the patient uses cannabis can help identify a correlation with the symptoms.
  • Duration of Cannabis Use: Establishing when the patient started using cannabis provides insight into potential long-term effects.
  • Timing of Symptoms: Identifying when nausea and vomiting occur can help distinguish CHS from other gastrointestinal conditions.
  • Trigger Foods: Determining if specific foods cause vomiting can help narrow down potential diagnoses.
  • Unexplained Weight Loss: Noting any significant weight loss without a clear reason can indicate a serious underlying condition.
  • Relief from Hot Baths or Showers: Many CHS patients find temporary relief from symptoms through hot baths or showers, a unique characteristic that can aid in diagnosis.

Physical Examination

A physical examination is crucial in diagnosing CHS. The healthcare provider will:

  • Examine the Abdomen: Checking for tenderness, pain, or other abnormalities in the belly area.
  • Assess Hydration Levels: Evaluating signs of dehydration, which is common in CHS due to persistent vomiting.

Diagnostic Tests

To rule out other causes of nausea and vomiting, healthcare providers may recommend several diagnostic tests, including:

  • Blood Tests: These can check for electrolyte imbalances, signs of infection, or other abnormalities.
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): An MRI can help visualize internal organs and detect any structural issues that might cause symptoms.
  • CT Scan (Computed Tomography): A CT scan provides detailed images of the abdomen, helping to identify any potential issues that might be causing nausea and vomiting.

To sum it up, diagnosing Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome requires a careful and thorough approach. It involves detailed questioning about cannabis use and symptoms, a physical examination, and potentially additional diagnostic tests. By systematically ruling out other conditions, healthcare providers can accurately diagnose CHS. As a result, they can guide patients toward appropriate treatment, primarily focusing on the cessation of cannabis use to achieve recovery.

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Treatment

The treatment for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) involves immediate and long-term strategies to alleviate symptoms and prevent recurrence. The only permanent and effective treatment is to stop cannabis consumption entirely. However, during the acute hyperemesis phase, several interventions can help manage symptoms and provide relief.

Permanent Treatment: Cessation of Cannabis Use

The primary and most crucial treatment for CHS is – to completely stop using cannabis. This step is essential for recovery and to prevent future episodes of CHS.

  • Immediate Symptom Relief: Many individuals experience a significant reduction in symptoms within a few days to weeks after ceasing cannabis use.
  • Preventing Recurrence: Long-term abstinence from cannabis is necessary to avoid the recurrence of CHS symptoms, ensuring sustained health and well-being.

Acute Phase Treatments

Medical marijuana tablets and a container. Long term use of medical cannabis can cause Hyperemesis!

During the hyperemesis phase, which involves severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, the following treatments can be employed:

  • Medicines to Help Reduce Vomiting: Anti-emetic medications, such as ondansetron or metoclopramide, can help control nausea and vomiting.
  • Frequent Hot Showers or Baths: Many patients find temporary relief from symptoms through hot showers or baths. The exact reason for this relief is not well understood, but it is a commonly reported remedy among CHS sufferers.
  • IV (Intravenous) Fluid Replacement: Due to excessive vomiting, patients often become dehydrated. Intravenous fluids are necessary to rehydrate and restore electrolyte balance.
  • Proton-Pump Inhibitors: Medications like omeprazole can reduce stomach acid production and help treat stomach inflammation caused by persistent vomiting.
  • Pain Medicine: Analgesics may be required to manage severe abdominal pain. However, care must be taken to avoid medications that can exacerbate nausea.
  • Prescribed Medicines with a Calming Effect: Benzodiazepines or other sedative medications may be prescribed to help reduce anxiety and provide symptomatic relief.

Long-Term Treatments

To ensure sustained recovery and address any underlying issues related to cannabis use, the following long-term treatments may be recommended:

  • Drug Rehabilitation Program: A structured rehabilitation program can provide support and resources for individuals struggling to quit cannabis.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Family Therapy: Psychological support through therapies such as CBT can help address the behavioral aspects of cannabis use and support mental health recovery. Family therapy can also be beneficial in creating a supportive environment for the patient.

Recovery Timeline

Studies have shown that most individuals who quit cannabis experience relief from symptoms and side effects within 10 days to a few weeks. However, full recovery can take several months, as the body gradually heals and normalizes after prolonged cannabis exposure.

Effective treatment of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome involves a combination of immediate symptom management and long-term strategies to cease cannabis use. By addressing both the acute symptoms during the hyperemesis phase and providing support for the sustained cessation of cannabis, patients can achieve full recovery and prevent the recurrence of CHS.

Conclusion

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a rare but serious condition resulting from prolonged cannabis use. It is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and abdominal pain. While uncommon, it requires awareness and proper diagnosis, typically involving patient history, symptom inquiry, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to rule out other causes. CHS progresses through three phases: prodromal, hyperemetic, and recovery. The primary treatment is the complete cessation of cannabis use, with additional supportive treatments during the acute phase, such as anti-emetics, hot showers, IV fluids, and pain management. Long-term recovery often involves rehabilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy. Early recognition and appropriate treatment of CHS can lead to significant relief and prevent recurrence, ensuring better health outcomes for affected individuals.

Consult a healthcare professional before using cannabis products; the advice provided is not a substitute for medical guidance.